01 / Flow & Capacity

Overall Equipment Effectiveness

Combines availability, performance, and quality losses into one line-health number. Standard TPM metric for equipment capability studies.

OEE = Availability × Performance × Quality
02 / Flow & Capacity

Little's Law

Relates work-in-process, throughput, and cycle time. Solve for whichever variable you don't have — pick the target field.

WIP = Throughput × Cycle Time
03 / Flow & Capacity

Takt Time

The pace production must run at to match customer demand — the pulse rate the line should be set to, not the pace it's capable of.

Takt Time = Available Production Time ÷ Customer Demand
04 / Flow & Capacity

Bottleneck & Line Capacity

The slowest step sets the pace of the whole line. Enter each process step's cycle time — the app flags the constraint and computes daily capacity.

Line Capacity = Available Time ÷ max(Step Cycle Times)
StepCycle time (min/unit)
05 / Flow & Capacity

SMED — Changeover Reduction

Quantifies the capacity gained from cutting changeover time — the direct output of a SMED kaizen event.

Capacity Gained = (Old − New) × Changeovers/Day ÷ Ideal Cycle Time
06 / Quality & Six Sigma

DPMO & Sigma Level

Defects per million opportunities, translated to an approximate short-term sigma level.

DPMO = (Defects ÷ (Units × Opportunities/Unit)) × 1,000,000
07 / Quality & Six Sigma

Rolled Throughput Yield

The probability a unit passes every process step right-first-time, with no rework. Multiplies, so even strong individual steps compound into a weak overall number.

RTY = Y₁ × Y₂ × Y₃ × ... × Yₙ
Process stepFirst-pass yield (%)
08 / Quality & Six Sigma

Process Capability — Cp / Cpk

Cp measures whether the spec tolerance can fit your process spread. Cpk also accounts for how centred the process is — the number that actually matters for pharma robustness.

Cp = (USL − LSL) / 6σ · Cpk = min[(USL − x̄)/3σ, (x̄ − LSL)/3σ]
09 / Financial Impact

Cost of Poor Quality

Rolls up scrap, rework, inspection, and external failure cost into one figure — the number that turns a quality problem into a funded project.

COPQ = Scrap + Rework + Appraisal + External Failure Cost
10 / Financial Impact

ROI & Payback Period

Turns a completed improvement into the two numbers leadership actually asks for: return on investment and time to break even.

ROI = (Annual Savings − Investment) / Investment × 100 · Payback = Investment / Annual Savings